Miten tehdä koruja viimeistelyprosessi?

Muunna korujen tekoasi viimeistelytekniikoiden asiantuntijavinkkien avulla. Opettele kokoamaan, hitsaamaan ja kiillottamaan virheettömiä tuloksia varten. Välttämätöntä koruntekijöille, studioille ja suunnittelijoille, jotka valmistavat korkealaatuisia, mittatilaustyönä tehtyjä kappaleita.

Miten tehdä koruja viimeistelyprosessi?

Mastering Korut viimeistely: tekniikat ja laitteet opas

Korujen viimeistelyprosessi käsittää kadonneen vahan valusta (muottiin valaminen) peräisin olevien viallisten korujen kokoamisen, sovittamisen, hitsaamisen ja karkean pintakäsittelyn käsityötekniikoita ja -laitteita käyttäen.

Korujen viimeistelyprosessissa käytettävät työkalut ovat moninaisia, ja yleisesti käytettyjä työkaluja ovat esimerkiksi hitsaustyökalut, flex-akselihiomakone, rengasakseli, kuopparauta, käsimittaustyökalut, mittasakset, erilaiset viilat (karkea, hieno, pyöreä, litteä, kolmion muotoinen), erityyppiset konepurseet, sahanpurseet, sahanterät, sakset, litteät pihtejä, vasarat, hitsauspuristimet, hitsausvirtausaine, pinsetit, hiekkapaperi, hiomapuikot ja erilaiset leimat.

Yleisesti käytettyihin laitteisiin kuuluvat tablettipuristin, vesihitsauskone, laserhitsauskone, tunneliuuni jne.

Korujen valmistusprosessissa korujen viimeistely on erittäin tärkeä toimenpide, ja korujen valumuotin laatu vaikuttaa suoraan lopullisen korutuotteen laatuun. Korujen viimeistelyä tekevien teknikkojen on hallittava seuraavat taidot, jotta he voivat tuottaa päteviä ja hienoja korujen upotuksia.

(1) Flex-akselihiomakone on yksi yleisimmin käytetyistä työkaluista korujen viimeistelyprosessissa. Ensiksi on osattava käyttää flex-akselihiomakonetta ja osattava valita erilaisia koneenmurtajia käyttötarkoituksen ja -vaatimusten mukaan. Toiseksi henkilön on ymmärrettävä taivutusakselihiomakoneen rakenne ja oltava taitava vaihtamaan ja huoltamaan keskeisiä komponentteja, kuten moottoria, akselia, taivutusakselihiomakoneen käsikappaleita ja nopeuspoljinta, sekä pystyttävä käyttämään taivutusakselihiomakonetta ammattitaitoisesti hionnan, porauksen, kiillotuksen ja viimeistelyn kaltaisten toimintojen suorittamiseen.

(2) Sahanjousi on yleisesti käytössä korujen viimeistelyssä. Esimerkiksi korujen valukappaleisiin jäänyt ruiskuviiva on sahattava pois korusahalla; jos haluat suurentaa tai pienentää sormuksen aukkoa, tarvitaan myös korusahaa. Korujen viimeistelyprosessin aikana on hallittava korusahan käyttö taitavasti, jotta erilaisia kuvioita ja geometrisia muotoja voidaan nähdä vapaasti metallilevyissä.

Perustaidot - Sahaustekniikka Video

(3) Viilat ovat myös yksi yleisimmin käytetyistä työkaluista korujen viimeistelyssä. Viilalla voi tasoittaa purseita, hitsata saumoja ja luoda tasaisia tai koveria pintoja viallisiin korukappaleisiin nopeammin kuin flex-akselihiomakoneella. Tyypillisesti kiillotus koneella tehdään viilauksen jälkeen, mikä voi tehokkaasti tehostaa korujen viimeistelytyötä. Viilan käytön oikeaoppinen hallitseminen on perustaito, joka on hallittava korujen viimeistelyprosessissa, ja ihmisen pitäisi osata käyttää taitavasti erityyppisiä viiloja korujen valukappaleiden tasopintojen, kaarevien pintojen, koriste-elementtien ja reunojen hiomiseen. Samalla olisi pyrittävä jättämään mahdollisimman vähän viilausjälkiä korun pintaan viilauksen jälkeen, jotta työaikaa säästyisi huomattavasti hienokiillotuksen ja kiillotuksen aikana, mikä parantaisi tehokkaasti työn tehokkuutta, parantaisi korutuotteiden laatua ja vähentäisi materiaalihävikkiä.

Perustaidot - arkistointitekniikka Video

(4) Hitsaustekniikka on olennainen ja erittäin tärkeä taito korujen valmistusprosessissa. Pienien vikojen korjaaminen koruvalussa, liikkuvien osien (kuten rannekorujen liitoskohdat) kokoaminen, sormusten koon muuttaminen ja valukappaleiden pinnassa olevien hiekkareikien korjaaminen perustuvat kaikki hitsaustekniikkaan. Jalokivien hitsaustyöt vaativat käyttäjältä molempien käsien ja jalkojen käyttöä. Yleensä käyttäjä pitää oikeassa kädessä pinseteillä kiinni korukappaleesta, tarttuu vasemmalla kädellä hitsauspistooliin ja astuu jatkuvasti jalkapolkimelle ohjatakseen öljypumpusta tulevaa ilmavirtaa.Valkoinen bensiini höyrystyy ja suihkuaa ulos hitsauspistoolin suuttimesta. Hitsauspistoolin liekkiä voidaan säätää nupilla; pientä, voimakasta liekkiä käytetään hitsaukseen, kun taas suurempaa liekkiä käytetään korukappaleen hehkuttamiseen, ja sillä voidaan myös sulattaa ja käsitellä jäljelle jääneitä metalliromuja.

Perustaidot - Hitsaustekniikka Video

(5) Vasaroiden (mukaan lukien rauta, kumi jne.) käyttö valun aikana on myös hyvin yleistä. Vasaran käyttö vaikuttaa yksinkertaiselta, mutta jos korujen käsittelyssä ei ole taitoa, korun pintaan jää helposti jälkiä, jotka voivat vaikuttaa suuresti myöhempään käsittelyyn (kuten hiontaan, kiillotukseen jne.). Sormuksen koko on hieman pieni, ja se on asetettava sormustankoon ja laajennettava vasaralla; tämä edellyttää varovaista naputtelua vasaralla eikä liian suurta voimaa. Muuten rengasvarsi voi murtua. Vasaran voiman hallitseminen on yksi niistä perustaidoista, jotka on hallittava muottivaluprosessissa.

(6) Tietty esteettinen kyky on myös yksi olennainen edellytys muotinvalmistusprosessiin osallistumiselle. Jos muotinvalmistuksen jälkeen valmistetut korut ovat vinoja ja niiden pinta on poukkoileva, se vaikuttaa vakavasti korujen laatuun.

Yhteenvetona voidaan todeta, että muovausprosessi on yksi korujen valmistuksen tärkeimmistä taidoista.

JAKSO I Eri korutyyppien muovausprosessit

1. Ketjukorujen muovausprosessi

Vialliset ketjukorut (kuten rannekorut, kaulakorut jne.) on yleensä korjattava niin, että viallisen kappaleen muoto vastaa suunnitteluvaatimuksia, sitten yhdistettävä ketjunlenkit ja yhdistettävä ne täydelliseksi koruksi esimerkiksi viilaamalla, kokoamalla, hitsaamalla, hiomalla ja viimeistelemällä. Ketjukorujen muovausprosessi sisältää seuraavat vaiheet.

1.1 Muotoilu

Muotoilu on prosessi, jossa ketjukorujen aihion muotoa korjataan suunnitteluvaatimusten mukaisesti.

Tärkeimpiä työkaluja ovat litteäkärkiset pihdit, pinsetit, rautalevyt, kumivasarat, pienet veitset, rengastikut jne.

Toimintaprosessin pääkohdat:

Tarkkaile viallisten osien muodonmuutoksia ja valitse korjaustyökalut. Käytä litteäkärkisiä pihdejä deformoituneen korukappaleen korjaamiseen (kuva 4-1) tai aseta korukappale rautalevylle ja käytä kumivasaraa. Käytä voimaa tasaisesti puristaessasi ja vasaroidessasi, jotta korutyökappale ei deformoituisi vastakkaiseen suuntaan.

1.2 Ruisku

Viilaaminen tarkoittaa sitä, että jokainen viallinen ketjukoru hiotaan tasaiseksi.

Tärkeimmät työkalut ovat viila, pyöreäpihtejä, litteäpihtejä jne.

Toimintaprosessin pääkohdat:

Pidä aihiosta kiinni vasemmalla kädellä tai purista se litteäkärkisillä pihdeillä, tue se sitten työpöytää vasten ja käytä oikealla kädellä viilaa täytäksesi ruiskun litteäpinta (kuva 4-2). Kun käytät viilaa, käytä yleensä viilan tasaista pintaa (joskus viallisen osan kunnosta riippuen voit käyttää viilan eri osaa). Ole varovainen viilatessasi suuaukkoa; käytä tasaista voimaa, jotta korukappaleen muut osat eivät kulu.

1.3 Yhdistä ja kokoa ketju

Ketjun kokoaminen tarkoittaa, että ketjukorun jokainen lenkki/segmentti yhdistetään alustavaksi muodoksi.

Tärkeimpiä työkaluja ovat litteäkärkiset pihdit, leikkuupihdit, pyöreäkärkiset pihdit jne.

Toimintaprosessin pääkohdat:

Ketjujen yhdistämisessä on viisi yleistä tapaa: silmukkalenkki, keskilenkki, alalenkki, sivulenkki ja saranalenkki. Kaulakorujen linkittämisessä käytetään yleensä sivulenkkiä. Rannekorujen yhdistämisessä käytetään yleensä pohjalinkkiä ja saranalinkkiä. Jäljempänä keskitytään ala- ja saranalinkkimenetelmiin.

Alin linkki. Suorista ensin linkityskieli ja testaa, mahtuuko linkki kulkemaan vastaavan liitäntäaukon läpi. Jos reikä on pieni, suurenna liitosreikää hammasporalla, kunnes se mahtuu. Käytä litteäkärkisiä pihdejä taivuttaaksesi hieman lenkkikielekettä ja työnnä se vastaavan aihion liitäntäaukkoon. ketjun lenkkien välisten liitäntäkohtien on oltava tiiviitä ja tiiviisti toisiinsa sopivia, joustavasti yhdistettävissä ja tasaisin välimatkoin. Ketjun kokonaisrungon tulisi olla tasapainossa ilman nousuja ja laskuja (kuva 4-3).

Saranayhteys. Valitse samanvärinen metallilanka kuin vaurioitunut osa saranareiän koon mukaan ja kokoa jokainen vaurioitunut osa tarpeen mukaan. Vie vaijeri saranareiän läpi ja yhdistä se sitten puristuspihdeillä. Varmista linkittämisen jälkeen, että ketjun runko ei ole taipunut eikä siinä ole nousuja ja laskuja (kuva 4-4).

Linking Chain Video

1.4 Hitsauksen muotoilu

Hitsausmuodostuksella tarkoitetaan ketjun lenkkien hitsaamista liitosten kiinnittämiseksi.

Tärkeimmät käytetyt työkalut ovat hitsaustyökalut, hitsauspihdit, pinsetit, hitsausliekki, hitsauslaatat, leikkauspihdit jne.

Toimintaprosessin pääkohdat:

Leikkaa metallinen hitsauskappale (materiaali) leikkuripihdeillä ohuiksi suikaleiksi tai pieneksi palaksi ja sulata se sitten polttimella pallomaisiksi hiukkasiksi hitsauslaattaan. Kasta liitetty ketju booraksiveteen (booraksi + alkoholi), sytytä polttimo ja kohdista se hitsausliitokseen, käytä sitten pientä puupuikkoa levittääksesi hieman booraksia hitsausliitokseen. Poimi pinseteillä sulanut hitsausmetalli, kasta se kevyesti booraksiin ja siirrä se hitsausliitokseen (kuva 4-5). Sulata metallihitsaus hitsausliitoksen kohdalla polttimella, jolloin hitsaus kiinnittyy.

Hitsauksessa on valittava sama juotospitoisuus ja -väri. Hitsattujen ketjulenkkien on voitava liikkua joustavasti toistensa välillä, eikä niissä saa olla liikkumattomia hitsauksia, vääriä hitsauksia tai epätäydellisiä hitsauksia. Uudelleenhitsaus on tarpeen, jos vääriä hitsejä, epätäydellisiä hitsejä tai kuolleita liikkumattomia hitsauslenkkejä esiintyy.

Hitsausketjun video

1.5 Kielilukkojen manuaalinen käsittely

Kielilukon tuotanto voidaan jakaa koneelliseen käsittelyyn ja manuaaliseen käsittelyyn. Konekäsitelty kielilukko voidaan hitsata ruiskun viilauksen jälkeen. Tämän jälkeen voidaan suorittaa hitsaus kaulanauhan viimeistelemiseksi. Manuaalisesti käsitelty kielilukko on valmistettava raaka-aineista käsin.

Tärkeimmät työkalut ovat viila, leikkuupihdit, jousisaha, sahanterä, sormi, litteäpihdit jne.

Toimintaprosessin pääkohdat:

Valitse sopivat metallijouset, muotoile valitut metallijouset viilalla tai leikkaavilla pihdeillä ketjun koon mukaan ja mittaa kielilukon laatikon pituus sormilla kielilukon kielen pituuden määrittämiseksi. Taivuta jousi sopivassa kohdassa litteäsormisilla pihdeillä ankkakielen muotoiseksi ja hitsaa nappi kielilukon lyhyemmän sivun päähän (kuva 4-6).

Kaulakoru käsittely kielen lukot Video Video

1.6 Lukon säätö

Säätäminen tarkoittaa kielilukon ja laatikon leikkaamista niin, että ne sopivat tiiviisti yhteen ja avautuvat/sulkeutuvat sujuvasti.

Tärkeimmät käytetyt työkalut ovat flex-akselihiomakone, hitsaustyökalut, viilat, jousisaha, sahanterä, litteäkärkiset pihdit, pinsetit, hampaiden irrotus, hitsauslaatta, leikkauspihdit jne.

Toimintaprosessin pääkohdat:

Asenna hammasjyrsintä flex-akselihiomakoneen käsikappaleisiin, paina kytkintä ja käytä hammasjyrsintä pyyhkäisemään pois kielikotelon sisällä olevat jyrsinnät ja metallihelmet, jolloin kielikotelosta tulee neliskulmainen ja sileä. Aseta kieli kielilaatikkoon, tarkista niiden välinen sovitus (kuva 4-7), määritä korjausta vaativat kohdat ja tee säädöt. Kun kieli ja kielilaatikko on säädetty ja sovitettu, tee hammasjyrsimellä pieni ura 1 mm:n päähän aukiosta ja tee pieni ura kielen jousiosaan varmistaen, että nämä kaksi pientä uraa lukittuvat toisiinsa. Lukituksen jälkeen ei pitäisi olla rakoja ja liitoksen pitäisi olla tiivis.

Pujota metallilanka kielekkeen pään sivusta läpi ja taivuta metallilanka pihdeillä neliskulmaiseksi kelaksi ja kiinnitä se kielekelaatikon sivussa olevaan salvan pylvääseen. Polta sitten pieni pala metallilankaa polttimella, jotta muodostuu helmi, ja hitsaa tämä helmi metallirenkaan aukkoon. Kiinnitä metallilankarengas ja purista sen keskiosaa pyöreäkärkisillä pihdeillä, jolloin metallilankarengas muotoutuu numeron "8" muotoon, jota kutsutaan numeron "8" muodoksi (kuva 4-8). Säädä numeron "8" muotoa varmistaaksesi, että se on sopivan tiukka.

1.7 Alumiini Veden kiehuminen

Korukappaleiden hitsaamisen jälkeen pintaan muodostuu mustanharmaata ainetta. Tämä voidaan useimmiten poistaa alunaveden kiehutusprosessilla, joka auttaa puhdistamaan korukappaleen pinnalla olevat epäpuhtaudet.

Tärkeimpiä työkaluja ovat hitsaustyökalut, pinsetit, hitsauslaatat, keraaminen kattila, sytytin jne.

Toimintaprosessin pääkohdat:

Aseta korukappale alumiiniastiaan ja aseta astia hitsauslaatan päälle. Käynnistä ilmapumppu, sytytä poltin ja suuntaa liekki alunapadan alapäähän lämmittämään, kunnes alunavesi kiehuu. Käännä korukappale pinseteillä ja poista siitä musta aine. Ota sitten korukappale pois alunavesiastiasta ja pese se puhtaalla vedellä. Muuten valkoinen alumiini tarttuu pintaan korukappaleen kuivuttua.

1.8 Ketjun hionta

Ketjuhionnassa poistetaan korukappaleen pinnasta karkeat purseet, välikerrosten välit ja metallihelmet, korjataan kulmat, jotta pinnan muoto saadaan sileäksi ja tasaiseksi, ja varmistetaan joustava pyöriminen.

Tärkeimpiä työkaluja ovat viila, joustava akselihiomakone, hammas- ja kuulahiomakone jne.

Toimintaprosessin pääkohdat:

Käytä viilaa tasoittaaksesi korukappaleen pinnan karheat kohdat ja poistaaksesi purseet. Kiinnitä sitten hammasjyrsin flex-akselihiomakoneeseen puhdistaaksesi välikerroksen, välähdyksen, metallihelmiä ja alueet, joihin viila ei yllä. Korutyökappaleen pohja on puhdistettava kuulapuristimella prosessin vaatimusten täyttämiseksi.

Ketjuhionnan aikana korukappaleen kokonaiskulma ei saa vahingoittua. Jos hiekkareikiä esiintyy, joustava-akselihiomakoneen käsikappaleeseen on kiinnitettävä hiekkareikätanko hiekkareikien poistamiseksi (ks. kuva 4-9). Sen jälkeen korukappale on kiinnitettävä uudelleen kunnolla.

1.9 Hionta

Hionnan tarkoituksena on poistaa viilausjäljet korukappaleesta ja tehdä pinnasta sileämpi ja hienostuneempi.

Tärkeimmät käytetyt työkalut ovat joustava akselihiomakone, hiomalaikka, hiomatikku, hiomakärki, neulamainen hiomapaperi, hiomapuutanko jne.

Toimintaprosessin pääkohdat:

Käytä 400 #-hiomapaperia hiomatikkujen, kärjen, hiontakiekkojen, neulatyylisen hiomapaperin, hiontapuupalkin jne. valmistamiseen. Valitse sopiva työkalu korutyökappaleen eri kohtien perusteella ja hio korutyökappaleen jokainen osa sileäksi (kuva 4-10). Älä vahingoita korun työkappaleen kuvioita, viivoja tai yleisiä kulmia hiottaessasi. Jos korukappaleeseen jää hiontajälkiä, ne on täytettävä ennen hiontaa.

Hionta Video

Ketju Korut Molding Video

2. Korujen viimeistelyprosessi rannerengas

2.1 Ruiskun viilaaminen (ketjutyyppisten korujen muovausmenetelmä)

2.2 Osien kokoaminen

Osien kokoaminen tarkoittaa rannerenkaan eri osien yhdistämistä suunnitteluvaatimusten mukaisesti alustavan muodon muodostamiseksi.

Tärkeimmät käytetyt työkalut ovat litteäkärkiset pihdit, leikkaavat pihdit, pyöreäkärkiset pihdit, jousisahat, sahanterät, flex-akselihiomakone, hitsaustyökalut jne.

Toimintaprosessin pääkohdat:

Valitse metallitappi rannerenkaan saranaputken reiän koon mukaan. Kokoa rannerengas tarpeen mukaan ja varmista, että putken reiät ovat kohdakkain. Vie valittu metallitappi putken läpi (kuva 4-11) ja leikkaa leikkauspihdeillä ylimääräinen liitosmetallitappi, jolloin metallitappi jää hieman näkyviin putken molemmista päistä. Säädä rannekkeen lisävarusteiden liitoskohtia varmistaaksesi, että ne pyörivät tasaisesti.

Jos rannerenkaan saranaputken sisällä on metallihelmiä tai -jyviä, jotka tukkivat metallitapin, joustavan akselin hiomakoneeseen voidaan asentaa pieni jyrsintä, joka pyyhkäisee ne pois. Jos metallitapin päät on kiinnitetty hitsaamalla, metallitapin on oltava putken molempien päiden kanssa samassa tasossa; jos metallitapin päät on kiinnitetty piikeillä, metallitapin päiden on oltava hieman pidemmät.

2.3 Käsintehty kielilukko Making (sama ketju korut Mold Craft menetelmä)

Rannekoru Kielilukon käsittely Video

2.4 Hitsaus

Hitsaus on prosessi, jossa muodostetun rannerenkaan eri osat yhdistetään turvallisesti.

Tärkeimmät käytetyt työkalut ovat leikkuupihdit, litteäkärkiset pihdit, hitsaustyökalut, hitsauslaatat, hitsauspuristimet, viilat jne.

Toimintaprosessin pääkohdat:

astu ilmapumpun jalkapolkimelle, sytytä polttimo ja hitsaa metallitappi tiukasti kiinni putken molempiin päihin. Valitse K-kultainen pohjalevy rannerenkaan putken koon mukaan, pehmennä se polttimella, taivuta se rannerenkaan saranaputken käyrää pitkin litteänokkaisilla pihdeillä, viimeistele se viilalla, hitsaa pohjalevy sitten kielilaatikon pohjaan ja hitsaa kieli kiinni rannerenkaaseen tarpeen mukaan.

Metallihitsin värin ja sisällön on vastattava korujen työkappaletta, eikä väärää hitsausta tai väärennettyjä hitsausilmiöitä saa esiintyä.

2.5 Muotoilu

Muotoilulla korjataan rannerenkaan muotoa, jolloin siitä tulee soikea ja sopivan kokoinen.

Tärkeimpiä työkaluja ovat rannekorvakruunu ja kumivasara.

Toimintaprosessin pääkohdat:

Työnnä rengaskieleke kielikoteloon ja aseta rengas sitten rengaskannattimeen. Kohdista rannekkeen asento ja napauta rannekkeen runkoa varovasti kumivasaralla varmistaaksesi tiukan istuvuuden ilman rakoja (kuva 4-12). Vasaralla naputettaessa voima ei saa olla liian voimakas. Muuten se voi deformoida rannerenkaan saranaputkea tai jättää jälkiä sen pintaan.

Rannekorun muotoilu Video

2.6 Lukon säätö (sama kuin ketjukorujen käsityömenetelmä, kuva 4-13).

2.7 Alunaveden keittäminen (sama kuin Chain Jewelry Craft -menetelmä).

2.8 Rannerenkaiden hionta

Rannerenkaiden hionnassa poistetaan rannerenkaasta karkeat purseet, metallihelmet ja välikerrosten välissä olevat välähdysreunat, mikä tekee sen pinnasta sileämmän ja virtaviivaisemman.

Tärkeimpiä työkaluja ovat flex-akselihiomakone, hammaspuristin, kuulapuristin, viila, hiekkapaperitikku jne.

Toimintaprosessin pääkohdat:

Asenna hammasjyrsintä flex-akselin hiomakoneeseen, käytä hammasjyrsintä pyyhkäisemään pois kielen laatikon sisällä olevat purseet ja metallihelmet ja tee laatikosta neliön muotoinen. Puhdista hammasjyrsimellä kielekkeen kuolleet kulmat ja varareunat ja tee näistä alueista sileät. Asenna kuulapuristin flex-akselihiomakoneeseen ja hio pohja (kuva 4-14). Käytä liukuviilaa tasoittaaksesi hiomapurseet ja karheat alueet rengasta ja varmista näin sileä muoto (kuva 4-15). Asenna hiomatikku flex-akselihiomakoneeseen hioaksesi t rannekkeessa näkyvät hiomareiät.

Viilattaessa on kiinnitettävä erityistä huomiota siihen, ettei korukappaleen hiominen aiheuta vikoja tai korukappaleen rikkoutumista.

Rannerenkaan hionta Video

2.9 Hionta (sama kuin ketjun korut muotin käsittelymenetelmä)

Hionnan jälkeen tarvitaan väriräiskintäkäsittelyä, jos korukappaleessa on edelleen läikkiä.

3. Sormuksen korujen viimeistelyprosessi

3.1 Muotoilu

Muotoilussa käytetään tiettyjä tekniikoita, jotta sormuksen sisempi varsi saadaan pyöreäksi ja vakiomuotoiseksi.

Tärkeimmät työkalut ovat rengaskara ja vasara.

Toimintaprosessin pääkohdat:

Aseta rengas rengastelineeseen ja aseta rengas oikeaan asentoon. Iske vasaralla rengaskeernan päähän tärinän aikaansaamiseksi ja tarkista, että rengaskeernan varsi on pyöreä. Jos renkaan sisempi varsi ei sovi rengasakseliin, napauta kevyesti vasaralla renkaan kantaan, jotta se sopisi paikalleen (kuva 4-16). Jos rengaskoko on liian pieni, laajenna rengaskokoa rengasjyrän avulla, kunnes se on sopiva. Varo lyömästä vasaralla renkaan koristeellista päätä, äläkä käytä liikaa voimaa kokoa laajentaessasi, sillä tämä voi aiheuttaa renkaan romuttamisen liian suuren koon vuoksi.

3.2 Tiedosto Sprue

Rengasruudun viilauksella hiotaan rengasaihioihin tehty ruuvijälki sileäksi.

Tärkeimpiä työkaluja ovat karkeat viilat, tasoviilat, puolipyöreät viilat, kolmionmuotoiset viilat jne.

Toimintaprosessin pääkohdat:

Käytä ensin karkeaa viilaa viilaamaan ruisku sileäksi ja sitten litteällä viilalla säätämään rengasvarren reunojen kokoa, jotta se saadaan sileäksi.

3.3 Kaiverrus

Kaiverruksessa kaiverretaan kirjaimia tai merkkejä korun työkappaleen sopiviin osiin, jotka ilmaisevat ominaisuuksia, kuten sisältöä, karaatin painoa ja kokoa.

Tärkeimmät työkalut ovat vasara, kirjainleimasin, polttopoltin, sinettivaha-alusta jne.

Toimintaprosessin pääkohdat:

Valmistele kirjainleima vaatimusten mukaisesti, kiinnitä korut työkappale sinettivahauraan ja käytä tarvittaessa sinettivahaa kiinnitykseen. Paina kirjainleimasinta kirjoitusmerkkialueelle ja lyö leimasimen yläosaa vasaralla, jotta korukappaleeseen jää selkeä kirjainmerkki (kuva 4-17).

Voima on pidettävä tasaisena, kun kirjainleimaa lyödään vasaralla. Kirjainleima ei saa liikkua, jotta vältetään päällekkäiset ja epäselvät kirjainmerkit.

3.4 Upotetut lisävarusteet

Upotetuilla tarvikkeilla tarkoitetaan eriväristen tarvikkeiden hitsaamista sopiviin kohtiin korujen työkappaleeseen koristeeksi.

Tärkeimmät käytetyt työkalut ovat hitsaustyökalut, hitsauslaatat, hitsauspuristimet, pinsetit, leikkuupihdit, viilat ja litteäkärkiset pihdit.

Toimintaprosessin pääkohdat:

Käytä leikkaavia pihdejä leikkaamaan sisäkkäisten tarvikkeiden ruiskut ja viilaa ruiskut sileiksi. Aseta upotetut lisävarusteet varovasti pinseteillä niille varattuun paikkaan ja järjestele ne tarpeen mukaan. Jos on epäsopivia alueita, säädä korukappaletta litteäkärkisillä pihdeillä ja hitsaa upotetut tarvikkeet sitten tiukasti kiinni (kuva 4-18).

Upotettujen lisävarusteiden on oltava sileitä, ja hitsauksen jälkeen on tarkistettava, ettei hitsaussaumoja ole tehty väärin, ettei niitä ole jäänyt puuttumaan ja ettei hitsaussaumoja ole heikosti hitsattu. K kulta- ja hopeasormustarvikkeet voidaan hitsata käsin hitsaustyökaluilla. Platinasormustarvikkeet vaativat korkeamman lämpötilan, ja ne on hitsattava vesihitsauslaitteella.

Upotetut lisävarusteet Video

3.5 Rengashionta

Sormuksen pitäminen tarkoittaa sitä, että jokaisen osan pinta käsitellään sileäksi.

Tärkeimpiä työkaluja ovat viila, joustava akselihiomakone, hammasjyrsin, kuulajyrsin, hiomatikku, hiomapaperi jne.

Toimintaprosessin pääkohdat:

Käytä litteää viilaa viilaamaan renkaan varren sisä- ja ulkopuoli erikseen, jolloin pinnasta tulee sileä ja purseeton, virtaviivaisen muotoinen (kuva 4-19). Asenna hammasjyrsintä flex-akselihiomakoneeseen pyyhkäisemään alueet, joita ei voida viilata, ja poistamaan kaikki renkaassa olevat jyrsät ja metallihelmet. Tämän jälkeen asennetaan kuulahiomakoneeseen kuulahiomakone renkaan pohjan hiontaa varten. Asenna hiekan kapea keppi flex-akselihiomakoneeseen hiekanreikien hiontaa ja poistamista varten.

Korukappaleen kokonaiskulma sekä pinnan linjat ja kuviot on suojattava viilauksen ja hionnan aikana. Viilan puoliympyrän puolta käytetään pääasiassa sormuksen sisemmän varren tai kaaripinnan viilaamiseen. Hitsauskorjauksia tarvitaan, jos korukappaleessa on suuria hiekkakuoppia (kuva 4-20).

Rengas hionta Video

3.6 Alumiinin keittäminen vedessä (sama menetelmä ketjutyyppisten korujen viimeistelyyn, kuva 4-21).

Alum water boiling Video

3.7 Sanding

Sanding is used to remove the marks left on the surface of the jewelry workpiece when using files, teeth bur, and ball bur, making the surface of the jewelry workpiece smoother.

The main tools used are a flex shaft grinder, sandpaper stick, sandpaper disc/tip/needle, sandpaper wood bar, and rubber wheel.

Toimintaprosessin pääkohdat:

Use 400 #sandpaper to make sanding sticks, sanding discs, and other polishing tools, and sand each part of the jewelry workpiece to make the surface smoother (Figure 4-22). Sandpaper wood bar is mainly used for sanding the flat surfaces of the jewelry workpiece. If the jewelry workpiece is platinum, sand it once with 1200# sandpaper, and then use a rubber wheel to polish the shiny surface of the jewelry workpiece.

Before sanding, check if the jewelry workpiece has defects such as sand pits, broken claws, or cracks. Repairs must be made before sanding if any of the above defects exist.

3.8 Hairbrush polishing

Hairbrush polishing means that the prong and claw positions should be polished to a shine before setting the stone. It is difficult to polish these areas after the stone is set in rings with prongs and claw settings.

The main tools used are a flex shaft grinder and a hairbrush.

Toimintaprosessin pääkohdat:

Step on the switch, rotate the hair brush, make the green polishing wax contact the hair brush, and coat the hair brush with wax. Hold the jewelry workpiece tightly with both hands, press the prong and claw positions against the hair brush, and polish the jewelry workpiece’s prong and claw positions to shine through the hair brush (Figure 4-23). The new hair brush should be lightly burned with fire before use to avoid uneven bristles, and the jewelry workpiece must undergo wax removal treatment after being hair brushed.

Ring Molding Video

4. Brooch (Shirt Pin)

4.1 Shaping (same as the jewelry finishing process for chain-type jewelry)

4.2 Filing the sprue (same as the jewelry finishing process for chain-type jewelry)

4.3 Inlayed accessories (same as the jewelry finishing process for rings)

4.4 Welding pins parts

The main tools used are cutting pliers, welding tools, flat-nose pliers, tweezers, welding tiles, and welding clamps.

Toimintaprosessin pääkohdat:

Use cutting pliers to cut a piece of metal wire suitable in color and diameter to make a brooch pin. First, straighten the metal wire, then one end of the wire is burned into a bead shape, and the bead is flattened with a hammer to a suitable degree and placed on the hinge. After making a small hole at the flattened part that aligns with the hinge, it is welded onto the hinge. The brooch pin is installed on the hinge tube of the brooch, and one end of the clasp pin is welded to the tube.

Measure the length of the metal wire, and weld the pin’s clasp to the designated position on the brooch (Figures 4-24 to 4-26). Adjust the clasp pin, sanding, and ensure its range of motion reaches 90℃ while being elastic and moving freely.

Welding pins parts Video

4.5 Adjustment

The main tools used are flat-nose pliers, cutting pliers, and files.

Toimintaprosessin pääkohdat:

measure the length of the pin, use cutting pliers to cut off the excess part, adjust the brooch and clasp to ensure they fit together smoothly, and use a file to sharpen the pin’s tail.

4.6 Boiling alum water (same method for chain-type jewelry molding)

4.7 Grinding the brooch (same method for chain-type jewelry molding)

4.8 Sanding (same method for chain-type jewelry molding)

4.9 Walnut powder polishing (see "Polishing Process" section)

5. Earrings and Pendants

The main tools used are cutting pliers, welding tools, welding tiles, tweezers, and flat-nose pliers.

Toimintaprosessin pääkohdat:

filing the sprue, shaping, boil alum water, grinding, and sanding are the same as those for chains. Below, we mainly introduce the welding methods for earrings and ear pendants.

5.1 Welding ear pins

Place the earrings on the welding tile, and use cutting pliers to cut an appropriate length of metal wire of the same color as the ear-pin. Use a torch to melt the metal part for welding, then hold the ear-pin with tweezers and spot weld it. After that, take a small amount of borax, place the ear pin at the welding position of the earring, and weld it securely (Figure 4-27).

The ear pin must be welded straight; it should not be skewed. The flame should not be too strong during welding to avoid melting the ear-pin, making it shorter, or ruining it. After welding the ear-pin, adjust it so it and the earring can fit together smoothly.

Welding ear pins Video

5.2 Welding the teardrop bail

Clip the teardrop bail onto the jump ring and use flat-nose pliers to crimp the open jump ring. Place the pendant on the welding plate and weld the opening securely (Figure 4-28).

Welding the teardrop bail Video

Pendant Molding Video

SECTION II Mechanical Polishing Technology

The competition in the jewelry processing industry is extremely fierce today. The profit margin for companies from processing fees is much smaller than in the past, forcing companies to strengthen management and develop and adopt new processes and technologies to reduce production costs, thereby increasing their competitiveness. Since jewelry pieces have high surface quality requirements, the manufacturing costs are largely caused by the need for a smooth surface. Traditional manual polishing techniques are inefficient, have high labor costs, and result in significant metal loss, making it increasingly difficult to meet the demands of modern jewelry production.

Mechanical polishing technology has been applied in the industry for over ten years. The traditional polishing equipment includes single-barrel vibrators, hexagonal drums, and vibrators. The friction between the jewelry workpiece and the medium allows for the treatment of the surface and edges of the jewelry workpiece. Compared to manual operation, using machines for grinding and polishing has many advantages. In recent years, mechanical polishing technology has advanced rapidly, and many advanced polishing devices are increasingly being introduced into the jewelry processing industry to replace traditional manual polishing.

1. Advantages of Mechanical Polishing

(1) Improve production efficiency by using modern polishing equipment to process batches of jewelry pieces simultaneously, reducing jewelry finishing time and the number of operators.

(2) Mechanical polishing gives jewelry workpieces a higher surface brightness and can achieve consistent quality.

(3) Mechanical polishing reduces metal loss.

(4) Some jewelry with special structures can only be effectively cleaned in certain areas with the help of modern mechanical polishing technology.

2. Common types of polishing machines used in jewelry making.

2.1 Vibratory Polisher

The vibratory polisher (Figure 4-29) generally has a larger capacity and requires more abrasives but operates at a slower speed with a longer cycle. It is very suitable for polishing chain products and is often used with steel balls. Due to the lack of wastewater discharge during operation and the continuous impact, achieving a mirror-like finish on other jewelry products is difficult.

2.2 Magnetic polishing machine

Magnetic polishing machine (Figure 4-30) used in conjunction with other polishing machines, the results are very good, although the surface is often indented, but very bright even in the pit. However, it should be noted that this process must be done before grinding and polishing, otherwise it will leave indentations on the prepared surface.

2.3 Drum Polisher

The roller polishing machine (Figure 4-31) is the most traditional polishing equipment and can handle a variety of jewelry pieces. The biggest disadvantage is that there is no outlet for waste water during operation, and all kinds of wastes from grinding are left inside the cylinder. Hexagonal cylinder of continuous rotation and shock, a small part of the waste material is pressed into the surface of the jewelry workpiece (dust, friction agent, casting powder residues, etc.), leaving the surface of the stains cannot be removed by polishing.

2.4 Dipping polishing machine

Dipping polishing machine (Figure 4-32) large volume, one-time output is high, the jewelry workpiece loss is small; but consume abrasive, polishing liquid more, long working cycle. Suitable for all jewelry workpiece polishing.

Copywrite @ Sobling.Jewelry - Custom korujen valmistaja, OEM ja ODM korut tehdas

2.5 Turntable Polishing Machine

With the rotary polishing machine (Figure 4-33), which has a newly developed gap system, it is possible to achieve the smooth grinding and high-brightness polishing of manual polishing. Its chassis is a rotating disk inside a container, the top of the container is open, the walls of the container do not rotate, and the gap between the container and the disk can be less than 0.05mm, making it possible to use the finest walnut shell particles.

2.6 Drag polishing machine

The dragging polisher is shown in Figure 4-34. This surface polishing technology was introduced to the jewelry industry in 1992 and differs significantly from previous methods. During operation, the jewelry workpiece is dragged over walnut shell particles, while the walnut shell particles do not move. Each jewelry workpiece has its support position, and the surfaces of the jewelry workpieces do not come into contact, thus preventing surface damage. Compared to traditional polishing methods, it creates greater relative motion and stronger processing force, significantly reducing processing time. It has great advantages for heavy jewelry workpieces. The dragging polishing method is particularly suitable for heavy rings, clasps, and watch cases and is also applicable to many other jewelry workpieces that can be suspended on fixed supports.

Several typical polishing machine performances and characteristics are shown in Table 4-1.

Table 4-1 Comparison of Performance and Characteristics of Different Types of Polishers

Machine Type	Expanding polishing medium	Grinding Medium	Advantages	Disadvantages	Suitable jewelry workpiece
Vibratory Polisher	Wood chips, porcelain pieces, walnut shell particles, corn flour, steel balls	Ceramics， plastics	Cheap, large items, stamped parts	Long processing time, low pressure, has indentations, poor smoothness effect, cannot achieve ideal results with dry processing	Small chain, machine chain
Magnetic polishing machine	Steel needles	none	Bright surface, short processing time	Not smooth, has dents, steel needle will prick the surface, brightness is insufficient	Gold silk pearl, inner wall of jewelry
Tumbling kiillotuskone	Wooden cubes, wooden pins, walnut shell particles, jade rice flour, steel balls	Ceramic, plastic	Inexpensive	Long processing time, inconvenient processing, surface dust, surface compression	Various jewelry pieces
Rotary Table Polishing Machine	Walnut shell particles, porcelain pieces, plastic	Ceramic, plastic	High efficiency, short processing time, machine completes 70% of the workload, fewer processes, jewelry is clean, easy to process, high surface quality	Can only handle non-heavy jewelry workpieces (up to 20g), cannot process gem seats on small chains	Most jewelry pieces, industrial products, watch cases
Drag Polishing Machine	Walnut shell particles	Walnut shell particles	Can polish large and heavy jewelry workpieces, no impact	No wet grinding	Various jewelry pieces that can be fixed on a rack

3. Polishing Treatment Methods

Polishing methods can be divided into two types: wet and dry.

3.1 Wet polishing

Ceramic, plastic polishing or steel medium are commonly used in wet polishing. Additionally, during wet processing, the friction medium and the jewelry workpiece are surrounded by the polishing liquid, which absorbs the material that has been ground away, keeping the jewelry workpiece surface clean and the grinding medium sharp. Therefore, the friction effect of wet processing is more pronounced than that of dry polishing. The main purposes of using polishing liquid are:

Degreasing (e.g., oily jewelry workpieces).
Preventing corrosion or oxidation.
Brightening jewelry workpieces.
Removing scale from heat-treated jewelry workpieces (e.g., acid solution).
Forming a buffer between the jewelry workpiece and the medium to prevent the medium from cutting too deeply into the jewelry workpiece.

However, oxidation may sometimes occur when wet polishing on silver alloys, brass, and other jewelry workpieces. Oxidation causes stains and hardening on the jewelry workpiece surface, making it difficult to adjust during manual polishing. Therefore, it is important to control the polishing time.

3.2 Dry polishing

Dry polishing is a surface treatment that makes the jewelry workpiece smooth and shiny, often resulting in a finer surface than wet polishing. When a high gloss polished surface is required through dry polishing, the jewelry workpiece should be cleaned in an ultrasonic cleaning solution for 2-3 min to remove various dust left on the surface during grinding. Walnut shell particles are commonly used as the medium because their small particle size increases contact with the surface, achieving a better polishing effect. It should be noted that due to the small size of the polishing medium, the buffering effect between jewelry workpieces is reduced, making them prone to collision and surface damage. Therefore, using dry polishing, the number of jewelry workpieces processed once should be appropriately reduced. If the surface is not smooth after polishing, coarse walnut shell particles can be used for pre-polishing to improve it. For difficult-to-polish alloys (such as silver), a dry grinding intermediumte process can be set between wet and dry polishing to achieve better surface results. If the jewelry workpiece is made by pressing or stamping methods, dry grinding is sufficient to obtain a good surface.

4. The impact of polishing medium

4.1 The shape of the medium

Using polishing medium of different shapes results in different polishing effects. There are two typical shapes of medium: one is pyramid-shaped, and the other is conic shaped. conic shaped medium grind more finely than pyramid-shaped medium, making them particularly suitable for the inner sides of rings and holes. In contrast, pyramid-shaped medium have a stronger grinding effect and better shape the jewelry workpiece. Pyramid-shaped 50% and conic shaped 50% medium are often combined.

4.2 Density and degree of adhesion of the medium

The density of the medium and the degree of adhesion to the effect of friction will also have an impact. The higher the density, the heavier the medium, the better the effect; friction medium bonding the tighter, the weaker the friction effect. Bonding weak, rounded friction medium more easily broken, often caused by the self-sharpening effect; and bonding strong, medium self-sharpening effect is poor, its service life is long, but the grinding effect is small, tend to form orange peel surface.

4.3 Size of the medium

The appropriate size of the medium should be selected based on the structure of the jewelry workpiece. If the size is too large, the friction effect on the jewelry workpiece is intensified, making it difficult to polish small areas, resulting in a non-smooth surface and poor polishing effect; if the size is too small, the polishing efficiency is poor, and collisions between jewelry workpieces can easily damage the surface. A reasonable gradation of the size of the polishing medium is necessary to achieve a good polishing effect.

4.4 Material of the medium

Using different materials for polishing medium can significantly differ in polishing effects. It is necessary to determine the appropriate medium material based on the jewelry workpiece’s material and surface condition.

(1) Steel medium.

Steel medium polishing is based on surface hardening, where the jewelry workpiece surface is impacted without being worn away. The peaks on the surface are not removed but flattened, which can increase the surface density of the jewelry workpiece, making it denser. Heavy steel balls can make the jewelry workpiece surface flat. However, they can easily create dents or scratches on the jewelry workpiece surface. Additionally, as steel balls pass over the jewelry workpiece surface, they can cause the jewelry workpiece to heat up, leading to oxidation on the surface. Therefore, the polishing effect is not good; under a magnifying glass, the surface appears orange-peel-like, requiring further manual finishing to achieve good surface quality. This is especially evident for silver jewelry pieces, where even manual polishing can hardly remove the oxidized film after treatment.

(2) Ceramic friction medium.

Ceramic friction medium are commonly used in industry, such as for grinding hardened steel. Compared to plastic medium, ceramic medium is easier to manufacture, cheaper, and can be made into many shapes and sizes. The strong friction action of ceramic friction medium makes them more effective in hard and coarse alloys than commonly used fine-grinding plastic medium, which is also important for the jewelry processing industry. Due to their larger mass, they also have a strengthening effect on the jewelry workpiece surface.

If jewelry pieces are polished too heavily with dry polishing or if the surface is too hard, using ceramic polishing medium can yield better results. This is particularly applicable to brass jewelry, palladium jewelry, etc. Using ceramic polishing medium can increase the surface density while removing some material; the more ceramic polishing medium used, the stronger the polishing ability and the smoother the surface. However, removing the scratches left by friction during processing is difficult. Especially for silver jewelry workpieces, harmful effects can occur, as particles separated SiO₂ from the ceramic may scratch the jewelry workpiece surface or become embedded, resulting in an uneven surface that loses its attractive luster. Therefore, avoiding using ceramic friction medium to polish silver jewelry workpieces is advisable.

(3) Plastic friction medium.

Plastic friction medium have a medium to pleasing grinding effect and are commonly used for pre-grinding metal and silver jewelry castings. They can also be used for fine grinding; soft and delicate plastic medium work very well on soft alloys of metal and silver. The most commonly used plastic friction medium are conical and pyramid-shaped.

(4) Walnut shell particles.

Walnut shell particles are relatively soft and have a fine polishing effect, and they are commonly used in the dry processing of jewelry workpieces. Various commonly used polishing medium are shown in Table 4-2.

Table 4-2 Types of Polishing Medium

Wet Processing		Dry Processing
Grinding	Polishing	Grinding	Polishing
Ceramic Grain	Porcelain Grain	Walnut shell granules	Walnut shell granules
Plastic granules	Steel ball	Corn Grits	Corn Grits
Plastic granules	Steel ball	Wood Chips	Wood Chips
Plastic granules	Steel ball	Plastic	Plastic
Plastic granules	Steel ball	Muut	Muut

SECTION III Mechanical Polishing Process

Due to the diverse and ever-changing shapes of jewelry workpieces, various factors such as the speed and duration of the machinery, the size and quantity of abrasives, the properties and volume of chemical solutions, and the sequence of different equipment in the polishing process will all affect the polishing quality of the jewelry workpieces when removing burrs, scratches, weld beads, oxidation, and other defects.

To better complete the polishing of jewelry workpieces, the work must be carried out according to a certain process.

1. Process Flow

1.1 Sorting and classify goods

Due to the different polishing process flows for different types of goods, the jewelry workpieces must be Sorted and classified before starting the polishing work. After determining the polishing process method, production can be arranged.

1.2 Key points of the polishing process for various types of goods

(1) K gold Goods.

It can be divided into two types:

Jewelry workpieces with simple shapes, no obvious angles, no dense prongs, and large polished areas.
Jewelry workpieces with more complex shapes, micro paved prongs, short claws, and large angles require shorter polishing times, and care should be taken to observe the polishing effect to prevent abrasion. Some men’s rings need to be sanding and grinding then do setting stones.
Goods with small polished areas, such as small jewelry workpiece chains, earrings, pendants, etc.

(2) Platinum goods.

The time is shortened for goods with larger angles by steel balls polishing and Dipping polishing; some items, such as men’s rings, must be polished with a flex shaft grinder before setting stones.

(3) Silver goods.

After polishing with walnut powder, some items may no longer require a flex shaft grinder to polish (depending on the polishing effect of the jewelry workpiece).

(4) 24K gold goods.

Before polishing, the effect of the cast jewelry workpiece can be assessed to adjust individual polishing processes.

2. Cutting the sprue

Cutting the sprue means trimming the excess sprue lines from the jewelry workpiece, improving the efficiency of cutting the sprue, and reducing the metal loss during polishing.

2.1 Main tools used

Sprue cutting pliers

2.2 Key points of the operating process

(1) When cutting the sprue of pure metal and pure silver jewelry workpieces, the pliers should not be in close contact with the jewelry workpiece but should leave a slight distance; otherwise, they may cut into the jewelry workpiece.

(2) When cutting the sprue of K gold jewelry workpieces, the plier mouth must be pressed tightly against the jewelry workpiece.

(3) When cutting the sprue, the force applied with the pliers should be even, and twisting or slanting the force should be avoided to prevent deformation of the jewelry workpiece.

(4) Some jewelry workpieces have components like clasps and pins that can easily be confused with the sprue. Before cutting, it is essential to confirm that what is being cut is the sprue and not a part of the jewelry workpiece.

(5) When cutting the sprue, use your hand to block the jaws to prevent splashing.

Cutting the sprue Video

3. Steel disk grinding

Steel disk sanding involves removing the residual sprue marks left on the jewelry workpiece after cutting the sprue, reducing the workload for the next process. The characteristics include a fast speed and significant metal loss. It is suitable for various jewelry workpieces with sprues.

3.1 Main equipment used

Three-phase asynchronous motor, Steel disk

3.2 Key points of the operating process

First, adjust the flow rate of the cooling water. Generally, the droplet speed is 2-3 drops per seconds. Observe the position of the jewelry workpiece’s sprue to determine the grinding angle of the jewelry workpiece. After starting, use a discontinuous method closely following the steel disc (Figure 4-35). While grinding, observe as much as possible to keep the sprue level and avoid damaging the jewelry workpiece, especially paying attention to the hook, claw, and groove positions.

The K gold and platinum powder containers must be kept separate when grinding jewelry workpieces. After grinding finished, the metal powder and jewelry workpiece must be cleaned promptly, and hands need to be washed in the designated bucket, and the machine area should be cleaned thoroughly to minimize metal loss as much as possible.

Steel disk grinding Video

4. Emery wheel grinding

Emery wheel grinding is to grind again after steel disc grinding, to smooth and level the workpiece with a small sprue, eliminating the Sprue traces.

4.1 Main equipment used

Three-phase asynchronous motor, polishing grinding emery wheel, dust extractor.

4.2 Key points of the operating process

First, turn on the dust extraction machine and observe the external shape of the jewelry workpiece at the sprue. Start the motor to make the grinding wheel rotate. If the sprue is not flat and has square or semicircular shapes, appropriate tools (such as round, square, or semicircular files) should be used to create grooves on the grinding wheel that resemble the shape of the jewelry workpiece, ensuring smooth operation. Test with a jewelry workpiece and continuously adjust until the requirements are met before performing normal machining. When grinding the jewelry workpiece, gently rotate it on the grinding wheel (Figure 4-36) until the sprue and polished areas are smooth and the edges, corners, and surfaces are uniform and consistent, meeting the quality requirements of the jewelry workpiece. After grinding, promptly clean the workbench and wash your hands in a designated cleaning bucket to minimize metal loss as much as possible.

Emery wheel grinding Video

5. Shaping

Shaping refers to correcting deformed jewelry workpieces such as rings and cross-shaped pendants.

5.1 Main tools used

Ring mandrel, flat iron, bur-nose pliers, flat-nose pliers, rubber hammer, iron hammer.

5.2 Key points of the operating process

(1) Pendant.

Observe whether the edges of the pendant show any slanting. If so, use flat-nose pliers to straighten the jewelry workpiece. If the jewelry workpiece is relatively thick and hard, it can be placed on a flat iron and hammered flat with a rubber hammer (K gold and copper can use an iron hammer).

(2) Ring.

Press the ring into the ring mandrel and carefully check the space between the ring and the ring mandrel. If there are gaps, use a rubber mallet to tap and integrate; at the same time, press down with your hand to achieve a better effect. After removing the ring from the ring mandrel, place it on a flat surface to check for flatness. Areas that are not flat can be hammered flat (K gold and copper can use a metal hammer). When pressing the ring onto the ring mandrel, do not apply too much force; observe the ring to prevent the size from increasing.

Shaping Video

6. Coarse Polishing

Coarse polishing is the process of removing burrs and making the jewelry workpiece surface smoother through the friction generated by the relative motion between the polishing medium and the jewelry workpiece. It is commonly processed using equipment such as vibratory machines, tumblers, and dipping tanks, and their operational key points are as follows.

6.1 Key points of vibration polishing operation

Before polishing the jewelry workpiece, prepare the polishing liquid, with a ratio of polishing liquid to clean water of 1:50. Place the prepared polishing liquid in the water tank with a water pump. Add coarse conical gray-white stone particles 50% and coarse triangular gray-white stone particles 50% into the barrel of the vibration polishing machine. Turn on the power, turn on the pump, adjust the flow rate, generally 2-3 drops /s. Start the vibration machine, evenly distribute the jewelry workpieces, and the maximum workload should be determined based on the model of the vibration machine. Each working time is 2.5-6 hours, then stop the machine and remove the jewelry workpieces.

6.2 Key points of the dipping polishing operation

For the Dipping polishing machine, mix beads, coarse round beads, cylinders, the pointed columns, inclined columns, discs, etc., into the drum. The ratio of abrasives is round beads 50%, others 10%. The total amount accounts for about 1/3 of the drum’s total volume. Prepare the polishing solution in a ratio of 3 parts polishing powder to 1 part rust inhibitor, and add tap water to the drum until it just submerges the rotating shaft. The machine model determines the maximum amount of jewelry workpieces processed, and the polishing time is eight 8-12 hours. After finishing the work, cut off the power and remove the jewelry workpieces.

6.3 Key points of the drum polishing operation

For the drum polishing machine, the ratio of abrasives is the same as that for the sediment box polishing, accounting for about 1/3 of the total volume of the drum. Prepare the polishing liquid by mixing polishing powder and rust inhibitor in a ratio of 31, along with tap water added to the drum, accounting for about 2/3 of the total volume of the drum. The machine model determines the maximum total amount of jewelry workpieces to be processed, and the working time is 2-3 hours. After work is finished, turn off the power and remove the jewelry workpieces.

Dipping and Drum Polishing Video

7. Flying disc Grinding

Flying disc Grinding refers to the process of polishing the sides of rings or other flat jewelry workpieces to remove burrs and make the surfaces smoother. wood bar sandpaper and Flying disc Grinding are the same the purpose of in the jewelry sanding process, but flying disc Grinding is faster and more efficient, making it more suitable for rings.

7.1 Main equipment used

Polishing Flying disc, dust extraction machine.

7.2 Main materials

Sandpaper belts (280#, 320#, 400#), flying discs (hard, neutral, soft), sanding stone, polishing wax.

7.3 Key points of the operation process

Choose the polishing flying disc based on the jewelry workpiece’s condition, with the flying disc’s flat side facing down, and install it on the flying disc machine. Use sanding stone to grind off the burrs on the bottom surface of the flying disc , making the bottom surface smooth and free of sharp edges.

The key to operating the flying disc is to keep the movements smooth, maintain focus, and control the actions freely. In the process of flying disc craftsmanship, mastering the hand gestures and movements for the ring is fundamental, making the methods for flying disc of other types of jewelry workpieces become second nature and easily manageable. During the operation, finger cots should be worn, and hands should not touch the high-speed rotating line flying disc . The hands should grip the jewelry workpiece tightly to prevent the ring from out of the hand (Figure 4-37).

Flying disc Grinding Video

8. Magnetic Polishing

Magnetic polishing can polish the surface of jewelry workpieces to a bright finish. Fine abrasives can solve dead corners, such as recesses and grooves, that cannot be polished during rough polishing, making it suitable for polishing all jewelry workpieces.

8.1 Main equipment used

Magnetic polishing machine.

8.2 Main materials

Steel needles with 0.5mm and 0.3mm diameters, polishing powder, and detergent (agent).

8.3 Key points of the operation process

First, prepare the polishing liquid with polishing powder; the polishing powder and water can be mixed in a ratio of 3.5%. Then, place the steel needles (diameter 0.5mm and 0.3mm in a 4:1 ratio) into the container, weighing about 500g. The maximum amount of jewelry workpieces to be added each time is 500g. For K yellow, K white, and silver jewelry workpieces, use a speed of 1900r/min; for pure metal jewelry workpieces, use a speed of 850-1200r/min; for platinum jewelry workpieces, use a speed of 800r/min. Set the forward and reverse rotation time separately, generally changing direction every 5 minutes, with a total time of 20-30 min.

After adjusting the speed, press the ENTER key to confirm the speed; otherwise, the machine speed will continuously fluctuate, potentially damaging the machine. The equipment can operate continuously for 8 hours. If the jewelry workpieces in the container are too large or too many, or if the set forward and reverse rotation times are too frequent, it will cause the machine to stop working urgently. In such cases, immediately turn off the power, remove some jewelry workpieces, select the correct forward and reverse rotation times, and restart. At the end of each workday, clean the equipment to keep it dry and clean. When the color of the steel needles darkens, clean them with a neutral detergent. New and old steel needles should not be mixed, and the polishing liquid should be replaced when it turns brown.

Magnetic Polishing Video

9. Turntable Polishing

Before polishing the jewelry workpieces, prepare the polishing liquid, with a ratio of polishing liquid to clean water of 2%-5%, pour the prepared polishing liquid into the water tank, filling the container 8cm from the top. Turn on the power, switch on the main switch, and set the speed to gear 3, then turn on the sub-tank switch. Adjust the water pump flow to gear 10%, adjust the speed gear, evenly distribute the jewelry workpieces, with the maximum workload depending on the machine model, set a timer for automatic shutdown, turn off the sub-tank switch, and remove the jewelry workpieces.

The polishing liquid must be clean and continuously updated during the polishing process. When the foam generated in the barrel is insufficient, the polishing liquid should be increased. After each polishing of the jewelry workpiece, wash the vibrating barrel cavity with 1-2 cups of clean water, and the water must be automatically discharged while the machine is running to achieve the effect of cleaning the seams of the machine; it should not be poured out from the barrel opening. If the machine is still running continuously at the end of the workday, ensure that the polishing liquid in the water tank is sufficient to prevent it from drying out; otherwise, the jewelry workpiece will turn completely black. If this occurs, rinse with 1-2 cups of clean water. Regularly check the rotary polishing machine, observe the gap between the barrel and the scroll base (normal is 0.25-3mm ), and adjust it promptly (the dry polishing gap is 0.05mm).

10. Polishing walnut powder

Polishing walnut powder is the most refined polishing method in the polishing process. It can remove burrs from letters stamped, sand holes, and stone settings, making the surface of the jewelry workpiece brighter. It is suitable for the final polishing of various jewelry workpieces and is known as dry polishing.

10.1 Main equipment used

Rotary polishing machine, drag-type polishing machine.

10.2 Main materials

Walnut powder, polishing paste.

10.3 Key points of the operation process

(1) Rotary polishing machine.

Place walnut powder into the bucket, with a maximum addition amount up to the top edge at 8cm, and simultaneously add 1-2 spoonful’s of polishing paste. Start the machine, allowing the polishing paste to mix with the abrasive for 5 minutes; then, you can place the jewelry workpiece. The maximum amount of jewelry workpiece to be placed each time depends on the machine type and the jewelry workpiece size, and the time setting depends on the type of jewelry workpiece.

(2) Drag polishing machine.

Place walnut powder into the polishing machine’s material tank, with a maximum addition amount not exceeding the tank’s 1/2, and simultaneously add 4 teaspoons of polishing paste. The maximum amount of jewelry workpiece to be placed each time must not exceed the rated value of the equipment.

When placing the jewelry workpiece, it must be secured, and then the machine door should be closed. The polishing time is 5-10 hours (jewelry workpieces without sanding are polished for 10 hours, those with sanding for 5 hours), mainly depending on the surface roughness of the jewelry workpiece. Adjust the speed gear, setting gear nine as optimal. Polishing generally focuses on jewelry workpieces with obvious angles.

10.4 Issues to Pay Attention to During the Operation Process

(1) The walnut powder must be kept dry.

(2) During the polishing process, if the abrasive generates dust, polishing paste must be added at this time. About 500 g of walnut powder, take 2-3 spoons and mix it with it, then evenly sprinkle the mixture onto the abrasive during the polishing process, ensuring it is well mixed.

(3) When the bath rotary polishing machine runs continuously for too long, the equipment temperature will become too high, so when polishing the jewelry workpiece, try not to exceed 5 hours. If production is urgent, an electric fan must be added for cooling.

(4) When the abrasive wears down during use, it must be supplemented by adding a new abrasive while screening out the fine abrasives.

11. Wax Removal

Wax removal refers to cleaning the dirt remaining on the surface of the jewelry workpiece and related areas.

11.1 Main equipment used

Ultrasonic Cleaning Machine.

11.2 Key points of the operating process

Prepare the cleaning solution by mixing the wax remover and clean water in a ratio of 1:30; pour it into the ultrasonic cleaning machine’s water tank, maintaining a distance of 5cm between the top and the surface of the cleaning solution. Turn on the power switch, and after about 30 minutes, when the water temperature reaches 60℃, set the ultrasonic switch to the “on” position and place the jewelry workpiece (Figure 4-38). Continuously observe the jewelry workpiece, and once it is clean, remove it and turn off the ultrasonic cleaning machine.

As time goes by, the water in the tank decreases due to evaporation, so you can proportionally prepare the cleaning solution and add it as needed.

Wax Removal Video

Mechanical Polishing Video

SECTION IV Laser Welding Technology

LASER originally stands for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation, which is an acronym. The world’s first laser was born in 1960. Over the past 40 years, laser technology and applications have rapidly developed. Laser technology is a comprehensive technology involving multiple disciplines such as optics, mechanics, electronics, materials, and testing. Laser processing is the primary field of laser applications, and laser processing technology utilizes the interaction characteristics of laser beams with materials (including metals and non-metals) for cutting, welding, surface treatment, drilling, micro-machining, and as a light source for object recognition.

1. Introduction to Lasers

1.1 Main Characteristics of Laser

Lasers have four main characteristics: high brightness, high directionality, high monochromaticity, and high coherence.

(1) High Brightness of Laser.

The brightness of solid-state lasers can reach up to 1011 W/cm²Sr. Moreover, a laser beam with high brightness can generate extremely high temperatures of thousands to tens of thousands of degrees near the focal point after being focused by a lens, making it suitable for processing almost all materials.

(2) High Directionality of Laser.

The high directionality of lasers allows them to effectively transmit over long distances while ensuring extremely high power density at the focus, both of which are important conditions for laser processing.

(3) High Monochromaticity of Laser.

Due to the extremely high monochromaticity of lasers, it ensures that the beam can be precisely focused at the focal point, achieving a very high power density.

(4) The high coherence of lasers.

Coherence mainly describes the phase relationship of different parts of the light wave. Due to the peculiar characteristics of lasers, they have found extremely wide applications in industrial processing.

1.2 Basic Components of Lasers

A laser is an actual device that produces laser output; it activates the working medium, generates stimulated amplification, and maintains stimulated radiation within the cavity to form continuous oscillation. The weak light initially produced by spontaneous radiation undergoes selective stimulated amplification, preferentially enhancing the light along the optical axis. The light intensity continues accumulating and increasing, and when it exceeds the threshold of cavity loss, part of the oscillating light can couple out to become laser light. Any laser consists of three basic parts: the working medium, the excitation system, and the optical resonator.

Industrial laser systems can be divided into four main categories based on power levels and classified into continuous wave and pulsed lasers based on the excitation method. A laser’s efficiency depends on the target material’s absorption, reflection, and reaction properties. Continuous-wave lasers are mainly used for printing, engraving, and welding, where the areas absorbing laser energy will heat up, melt, vaporize, or undergo chemical changes such as oxidation, resulting in interference or color changes in the visible light spectrum. By using CAD/CAM principles, the focal point can be precisely moved in the X— y coordinate system to create imprint patterns. Pulsed lasers are primarily used for welding, surface modification, and cutting, featuring higher pulse energy but with limitations on pulse frequency. Most industrial lasers are Class 4 and require safety precautions, while most lasers used in the jewelry industry are Class 1, equipped with built-in safety devices.

Currently, the main lasers used are YAG and CO₂ lasers.

2. Laser Welding Process

Since introducing laser processing technology into the jewelry industry, it has been increasingly widely used. It is popular for its high speed, high precision, and convenience, gradually becoming an indispensable piece of equipment for jewelry processing enterprises.

2.1 Advantages of Laser Welding

Laser welding is the largest application of laser technology in the jewelry industry. Laser welding has many advantages compared to traditional flame + solder welding.

(1) The high speed of laser welding.

The main reason jewelry processing companies are keen to adopt laser technology is its speed. The higher the pulse frequency of the laser beam, the more times it acts on the metal. When lasers first appeared, the pulse frequency was generally 2Hz, which operated twice per second. Now, the pulse frequency of laser welding machines can generally reach 20-25 Hz, and machines with high pulses are more suitable for industrial applications. Some models of laser welding machines can even reach a pulse frequency of up to 70 Hz, but this is too fast for general operators. Therefore, some companies produce laser welding machines that limit the pulse frequency to a maximum of 30 Hz for ease of operation, which is still much faster than earlier models.

Of course, pulse speed is not equivalent to production speed. Although laser welding can be faster than flame welding, it can only weld one jewelry workpiece at a time. When operators weld jewelry workpieces, they generally hold them by hand or use clamps, one at a time, and most laser welding machines have relatively small workspaces, so they cannot handle many jewelry workpieces at once, which may increase production time. However, after adopting laser welding, the workload for cleaning jewelry workpieces is greatly reduced, and the saved working hours are enough to compensate for the time required for welding production. Laser welding can be performed under inert gas protection, leaving no burn marks on the product, so there is no need to add flux during welding, and no acid immersion treatment is required afterward. Therefore, overall, laser welding effectively improves welding production efficiency.

(2) Ensures the quality of welded jewelry workpieces.

Using laser welding can improve the quality of jewelry and reduce the defect rate. When using flame welding, due to annealing and softening, jewelry workpieces are prone to dents during polishing, which increases the defect rate. After adopting laser welding, the hardness is improved, and the number of dents is significantly reduced, thereby lowering the defect rate. For example, 14K alloy jewelry containing metal 58% and silver 42% experiences annealing when using flame welding, causing the overall hardness of the jewelry to drop from HV145 to about half. If dropped from waist height to the ground, it will dent; however, laser welding, due to concentrated heat, low power, and high speed, can be used, preventing annealing and resulting in higher strength of the jewelry workpiece. Additionally, since there is no overheating, the fit between welded components is also good. Furthermore, when using flame welding, sometimes even ifClamps are used to secure it, and certain weld points may open due to heat; however, even nearby weld points are unaffected by laser welding.

(3) New production processes can be developed.

Due to the application of this new technology in the jewelry industry, people are changing traditional ways of thinking about jewelry design and production. With the help of laser technology, it is possible to design and create some special structural styles that were difficult to achieve or guarantee quality in the past due to the limitations of traditional flame welding, brazing, or furnace heating bonding methods. Another benefit of laser heating at a specific point is that, compared to methods that melt a large area, laser welding can be performed in a very narrow welding area, making connecting different types of alloys easier. Therefore, the color or structure between two components can change abruptly without mixing; however, in ordinary furnace welding, colors tend to mix. The narrow working area of laser welding results in differences in wettability, connection integrity, and grain size in the heat-affected zone compared to traditional welding techniques.

(4) The content of jewelry does not change during laser welding.

Laser welding typically does not require filler metal; the laser can partially melt the jewelry workpiece and directly weld it, so there is no change in the color of the jewelry.

(5) It can effectively repair jewelry workpieces, improving their efficiency.

For example, repair the metal body near gemstones and clean it. It can also weld complex, heat-sensitive components as close as 0.2mm under ideal conditions, such as hinges, hooks, clasps, inlayed accessories, most gemstones, and even pearls and organic materials.

(6) Environmentally friendly.

Since laser welding does not require the use of solder and flux and does not require chemical solvents to clean the welded jewelry workpieces, it does not pollute the environment, and there is no waste disposal issue.

(7) Laser welding can also save metal materials.

Traditional flame welding generally requires a metal thickness of 0.2mm to accommodate losses during welding. In contrast, laser welding can reduce the thickness to 0.1mm, which significantly lightens the quality of jewelry by 35%-40%, which is very important for electroforming processes. Using lasers saves precious metal materials reduces solder costs, and eliminates the need to use different types of solder during multiple welds.

2.2 The process of laser welding

Laser welding consists of three typical stages. The first is the central welding, which connects the jewelry workpieces; the second stage is filling, using alloy wire as the filler to fill the gaps left by the initial welding; the third stage is smoothing the surface, where the welding points are laser-treated until the polishing and cleaning workload is minimized.

Three distinct impact zones are formed when the laser pulse strikes the metal surface, representing three concentric circles. The outermost circle is the heated metal, which is relatively hot but shows no significant change; the middle circle is the liquefied metal; at this point, the material itself becomes part of the filler and undergoes self-welding, allowing it to move and be shaped as needed; at the center of the three circles, the energy of the laser beam is most concentrated, vaporizing the metal, which means it is lost. Achieving a higher pulse frequency is easier in the filling and smoothing stages. The advantage of high-frequency models lies in their ability to control the speed of metal heating better.

Using automatic pulses provides great convenience for operations, allowing the metal beads to roll or form pits while keeping the metal in a liquid state, thus enabling shaping with shallow pulses. Sometimes, the filling stage can be skipped; some users only adopt the central welding and smoothing steps. If the jewelry workpieces can be designed to fit well, there is no need to fill in any additional material.

2.3 Common laser welding machines used in the jewelry industry

The laser welding machines used by jewelry processing companies have relatively low power, are designed for maximum safety, and have a compact and portable structure, allowing operators to sit comfortably beside the machine while operating it (Figure 4-39).

The operator must determine the excitation energy in early single-pulse laser welding machines. It is best if the excitation amount is just enough to complete the work; if it is insufficient, re-excitation is needed; if it is excessive, holes will be left on the jewelry workpiece. Using a new type of laser welding machine greatly reduces the probability of damaging the jewelry workpiece. Good welding results can be achieved using a low-heat light power device. The power can be low enough so that the excitation of a single pulse does not affect the metal. However, suppose a low-power device excites pulses at a high frequency. In that case, the metal will still slowly heat up, allowing the operator more control and freedom, which is very important, especially for thin-metal jewelry workpieces. For example, some electroformed jewelry is only 0.1mm thick. In the jewelry processing industry, when considering using lasers to connect accessories to electroformed pieces without completely burning through them, a low-power, high-speed laser device can meet this requirement, and the results are very stable.

A typical laser welding machine for jewelry can quickly, reliably, and accurately weld most metals and alloys, but efficiency largely depends on the properties of the target material. Connecting components or repairing castings can be completed under visual control through one or more laser pulses. Typically, a pulse lasts 1-20ms, Using a stereomicroscope and crosshairs allows for precise positioning of the welding area, and slight adjustments can be made to the jewelry workpiece’s position within the field of view of the stereomicroscope.

One characteristic of a good jewelry laser welding machine is the effective depth of focus of the beam. The multi-lens at the laser generator’s exit from the working area of the beam require a small focusing depth for marking lasers. For laser welding machines, if the working area beam is cylindrical, it is easier to use because the focal diameter does not change, and the depth of focus increases as the distance from the target to the exit lens increases. The overall welding energy can be controlled by adjusting individual laser pulses’ intensity, pulse length, and pulse frequency. The energy stability between pulses is also important, as it stabilizes optimized settings for a specific operation, predicting suitable welding parameters. The speed of the entire operation process largely depends on the time spent positioning the jewelry workpiece for each pulse. The working environment is usually atmospheric, but injecting air or inert gas into the working area can provide some cooling effect; additionally, inert gas can improve the welding quality of alloys. Many models are equipped with exhaust devices that can remove any gases generated in the workspace, and some laser welding machines use a footswitch with two operating pressures to control the laser pulse and airflow simultaneously. The duration of a single pulse is determined by the time the pedal is pressed, freeing the operator’s hands for positioning and holding the jewelry workpiece. Each pulse is only a small part of the total energy emitted by the laser generator, so external circulating water can effectively cool the system. Typical parameters of laser welding machines used in jewelry processing enterprises are shown in Table 4-3.

Table 4-3 Typical parameters for laser welding machines used in the jewelry manufacturing

Dimensions of the welding machine, Length x Width x Height (mm)	(700 ~ 1350)x(250 ~ 550)x(650 ~ 860)
Quality (kg)	85 ~ 150
Power supply	115 or (200 ~ 240 V) / (50 ~ 60 Hz) , single phase
Maximum average operating power (W)	30 ~ 80
Focus diameter (mm)	0.2 ~ 2.0
Pulse energy (J)	0.05 ~ 80
Peak pulse power (kW)	4.5 ~ 10
Pulse duration (ms)	0.5 ~ 20
Pulse frequency (Hz)	Single, 10
Pulse voltage (v)	200 ~ 400

2.4 The impact of alloy materials on laser welding effects

Laser welding has different effects on different alloys. Even with the same control parameters, the heat transferred during each welding pulse is the same. Still, the melting effect of each pulse depends on the proportion of surface energy absorption rather than reflection. The specific factors are as follows: ① Heat from room temperature to the melting point. ② Melting point (liquidus line). ③ Latent heat of fusion. ④ Thermal conductivity

Typical laser welding parameters for some commonly used jewelry materials are shown in Table 4-4.

Table 4-4 Typical laser welding parameters for some jewelry materials (according to John, 2001)

Alloy Composition	Pulse Voltage (V)	Pulse Duration (ms)	Result
Pt Alloy	200 ~ 300	1.5 ~ 10	Excellent welding
99.99 Au	300 ~ 400	10 ~ 20	Weld area becomes dark, high power required
18KY	250 ~ 300	2.5 ~ 10	Excellent welding
18KW	250 ~ 280	1.7 ~ 5.0	Excellent welding
925 Silver/835 Silver	300 ~ 400	7.0 ~ 20	Weld area becomes dark, high power required
Titanium	200 ~ 300	2.0 ~ 4.0	Inert atmosphere recommended
Stainless Steel	200 ~ 300	2.0 ~ 15	Inert atmosphere recommended

The parameter settings in Table 4-4 may need some adjustments for other jewelry alloy materials. Different materials have different thermal conductivity, melting temperatures, and crystallization latent heat, and these properties combined significantly affect the energy required for effective welding. Welding can only occur when the surface absorbs enough heat rather than reflecting it away. Therefore, the color and reflectivity of the jewelry workpiece surface are also important. However, combining high reflectivity and high thermal conductivity, such as with silver and high karat K gold, will help mark and blacken the target point, thereby effectively increasing the surface absorption fraction.

2.5 Laser welding of platinum alloys

The quality requirements for platinum alloy jewelry castings are relatively high. Some surface defects can be repaired initially, but small pinholes may only become apparent during polishing. Using a laser welder can reduce the cost of scrap re-casting.

Platinum’s extremely high melting point makes welding and cutting quite difficult. Using laser welding, high-intensity laser pulses can raise the temperature at the surface of a very small target area above the melting point of platinum, causing it to melt and fuse. Suppose the heat transfer to the jewelry workpiece can be limited. In that case, the hardness of most jewelry alloys in their heat-treated or cold-worked state can be maintained, which is particularly important for platinum jewelry alloys.

Most platinum group metals have high melting points but relatively low thermal conductivity (see Table 4-5). Therefore, the laser can deliver enough energy in each pulse to melt a small, focused area with only a small heat-affected zone. Except for palladium (melting point 1555℃ ), the response of other platinum group metal jewelry alloys to the settings of the laser welding machine is quite similar. In contrast, metal and silver alloys’ melting points are much lower than platinum’s, but their thermal conductivity is 5-7 times higher.

Table 4-5 Melting points and thermal conductivities of platinum alloys (according to John, 2001)

Alloy	Thermal Conductivity	Melting Point (℃)	Alloy	Thermal Conductivity	Melting Point (℃)
999Pt	0.245	1773	Pd	0.240	1555
990Pt	0.245	1773	5%Pd	0.247	1765
5%Cu	0.288	1745	10%Pd	0.247	1755
5%Co	0.223	1765	15%Pd	0.247	1750
3%Co/7%Pd	0.229	1740	5%Rh	0.250	1820
5%Co/10%Pd	0.220	1730	5%Ru	0.255	1795
5%Ir	0.245	1795	5%W	0.267	1845
10%Ir	0.242	1800	Pure Au	1.2	1063
15%Ir	0.241	1800	Pure Ag	1.702	962
20%Ir	0.237	1830

For platinum jewelry, the laser beam can get very close to sensitive gemstones, and generally, there is no need to remove the gemstones before welding repairs. Most components can be polished well before welding, or the components can be spot-welded first, then adjusted to the appropriate position, and finally laser-welded to improve the smoothness of the weld area. Almost all platinum alloys fall into this category of easily processed alloys. Still, for different types of alloys, it is necessary to make some small adjustments to the laser settings to achieve the best results for each alloy.

2.6 The Safety of Laser Welding

The radioactivity of laser products must comply with IEC safety standards, which include equipment categories, technical specifications, and usage guidelines. The purpose is to indicate the safety work level of laser radiation and classify lasers according to their hazard levels, using labels, symbols, and indications to provide users with safety information and take appropriate preventive measures, protecting operators from laser radiation with a wavelength of 200nm-1mm and warning relevant personnel within the laser radiation coverage area.

IEC standards define four common laser safety categories. Still, all jewelry laser welding machines are classified as Class 1, which are inherently safe or can be made safe through engineering design. Generally, necessary safety facilities are already set up inside the machine to ensure the safety of operators and nearby personnel.

Typical safety devices and measures are as follows.

(1) only the operator’s hands can enter the workspace during operation, and two interlock switches must be activated. The position of the interlock switches is conducive to safely and stably holding the jewelry workpiece, and the arms safely prevent any radiation from escaping the work area.

(2) Use a microscope to determine the best working position; this field of view can automatically limit the position of the control area.

(3) Using a special barrier, the field of view can be temporarily closed when the laser pulse is triggered, protecting the eyes from direct laser radiation (as well as some secondary radiation). Since this process occurs very quickly, the operator generally does not notice the disappearance of the field of view.

(4) The laser beam causes most materials to produce secondary radiation, including infrared and ultraviolet light, which can be observed through the laser protection window. The secondary radiation does not harm the eyes, but looking directly at the visible secondary radiation can cause headaches.

(5) The laser protection window is completely transparent for observing the operation process.

(6) In addition to direct safety, the adjustable seating of the laser welding machine for jewelry allows the body to stand upright and relax, which also helps prevent back and neck pain.

Of course, the operator’s hands are unprotected, and when attention is not focused, they may reach into the pulsed laser beam and suffer burns. At the power level of jewelry laser welding machines, one or two pulses on the fingers can cause short-term discomfort, and multiple pulses on the same spot may lead to deep burns, so care must be taken to avoid infection. Secondary scattering will only reach a sufficiently high intensity to burn the skin in very adverse situations. Under normal circumstances, the skin is exposed to low-level scattering at a wavelength of 1064nm, which is physiologically safe; infrared laser radiation is similar to ordinary thermal radiation.

Materials with high thermal conductivity are prone to heating up and burning fingers when subjected to repeated laser pulses. Care should be taken not to wear jewelry (rings, watches, bracelets) in the work area. This is because the laser beam will irradiate them, causing heat to transfer to the fingers, and it is very difficult to remove a rapidly heated ring in the light chamber quickly. Additionally, jewelry can reflect scattered light and even focus it, leading to skin burns

Laser Welding Video

3. Laser Marking Process

Laser surface marking technology, as one of the earlier used laser processing techniques, can be divided into surface marking and material conversion, according to how laser interacts with materials. It utilizes a shallow layer of the material’s surface to produce the desired mark through evaporation or ablation. Compared to traditional marking techniques, its advantages are mainly as follows.

(1) It uses computer control technology, making it easy to change the marking content.

(2) It employs laser processing methods, allowing for fine engraving, which meets the demands of modern high-efficiency and fast-paced production.

(3) It is adaptable to jewelry processing materials, capable of creating very fine marks on various materials’ surfaces, has excellent durability, and is without external forces acting on the jewelry workpiece, ensuring the original precision of the jewelry workpiece.

(4) The processing method is flexible and suitable for small-batch single-piece and large-scale industrial production needs.

(5) If there is no pollution source, it will not harm the environment.

Therefore, laser marking technology is important in improving product quality, production efficiency, and automation levels and reducing pollution and material consumption.

It isn’t easy to replicate and alter markings made with laser marking technology, which has a good anti-counterfeiting effect to a certain extent. Some jewelry pieces require very fine patterns or inscriptions, which cannot be met by traditional casting, stamping, and other processes, but laser surface marking technology can achieve this. The average output power of the laser source reaches 40 W, which can be used to mark micro-fine marks of 0.01mm, which can be achieved at high speed along a single path. An Nd:YAG laser with an XY scanning head is a typical laser system.

Laser Marking Video

4. Laser Engraving Technology

Laser engraving works in a continuous or repetitive pulsing manner, where the laser beam focuses on very small light spots (with a minimum diameter of less than 0.1mm), achieving a very high power density at the focal point. At this time, the heat input (converted from light energy) far exceeds the heat released, conducted, or diffused by the material, causing the material to be quickly heated to vaporization temperature, forming cavities through evaporation. The cavities continuously form narrow cuts as the beam moves linearly relative to the material. During the engraving process, auxiliary gases that are compatible with the material being cut should be added, as well as protective gases, to prevent chemical reactions with the surrounding air. Laser engraving can be seen as a linear extension of laser marking technology, and under suitable focusing conditions, certain lasers can achieve laser spots with a diameter of 30/um. Therefore, it is possible to engrave very small images with great accuracy, marking and inscribing within a small area of 1mm square, meeting the requirements for jewelry. The market demand for sexualization also has anti-counterfeiting functions. Laser engraving can be performed on flat or curved surfaces, with a depth of up to a few tenths of a millimeter. With advancements in laser technology, the power of laser engraving machines has become more powerful, allowing for engraving more types of metals. Metal (Au) has extremely high thermal conductivity, thus requiring a greater energy impact to melt the impact point. Due to power limitations, older 65W laser engraving machines cannot generate the heat required to engrave metal. In contrast, new laser engraving machines can reach 100W, easily solving this problem. Additionally, it features an automatic rotating platform on the X-Y-Z axis and a stepping program, allowing the operator to engrave 20-30 jewelry workpieces simultaneously by simply following the instructions, thus meeting the requirements for mass production.

Copywrite @ Sobling.Jewelry - Custom korujen valmistaja, OEM ja ODM korut tehdas

Heman

Korutuotteiden asiantuntija --- 12 vuoden runsas kokemus

Hei, rakas,

Olen Heman, kahden mahtavan lapsen isä ja sankari. Olen iloinen voidessani jakaa korukokemuksiani korutuotteiden asiantuntijana. Vuodesta 2010 lähtien olen palvellut 29 asiakasta eri puolilta maailmaa, kuten Hiphopbling ja Silverplanet, avustamalla ja tukemalla heitä luovassa korusuunnittelussa, korutuotteiden kehittämisessä ja valmistuksessa.

Jos sinulla on kysyttävää koruja tuotteesta, voit vapaasti soittaa tai lähettää sähköpostia minulle ja keskustella sopivasta ratkaisusta sinulle, ja saat ilmaisia koruja näytteitä tarkistaa käsityötaidon ja korujen laadun yksityiskohdat.

Kasvetaan yhdessä!

Vastaa Peruuta vastaus

POSTS-luokat

Tarvitsetko tukea korujen tuotantoon?

Lähetä tiedustelu Soblingille

Hei, rakas,

Kasvetaan yhdessä!

Seuraa minua

Miksi valita Sobling?

SERTIFIOINNIT

Sobling kunnioittaa laatustandardeja

Uusimmat viestit

Mitä ovat Flush Setting, Gypsy Setting, Tension Setting, Channel Setting ja Invisible Setting koruissa?

Heman - Korutuotteiden asiantuntija 12 joulukuun, 2024

Tässä artikkelissa tarkastellaan erilaisia jalokivien kiinnitystekniikoita, kuten flush-, gypsy-, tension-, channel- ja invisible-asetuksia. Siinä korostetaan niiden ainutlaatuisia ominaisuuksia ja sovelluksia korusuunnittelussa, mikä tekee siitä arvokkaan resurssin koruliikkeille, suunnittelijoille ja tuotemerkeille, jotka haluavat parantaa luomuksiaan ja houkutella asiakkaita.

Lue lisää "

Kattava opas lasista ja värillisistä lasikoruista: Materiaalit, hoito ja käsityötaito

Heman - Korutuotteiden asiantuntija 3 maaliskuun, 2025

Tutustu lasin ja värillisen lasin koristeiden kauneuteen! Tutustu niiden ainutlaatuisiin materiaaleihin, kuten kristalliin ja lyijyttömään lasiin, ja siihen, miten ne valmistetaan esimerkiksi kadotetun vahan valutekniikalla. Saat vinkkejä näiden herkkien koristeiden hoitamiseen, jotta ne pysyvät hohtavina. Sopii erinomaisesti koruliikkeille, suunnittelijoille ja kaikille, jotka haluavat lisätä kokoelmiinsa ripauksen eleganssia.

Lue lisää "

3 erilaista tekniikkaa jalokivien parantamiseen: Jalokivien parantamisen taito ja tiede: Jalokivien parantamisen taito ja tiede

Heman - Korutuotteiden asiantuntija 6 marraskuun, 2024

Jalokivien jalostus on tieteen ja taidekäsityön yhdistelmä, joka tuo esiin kivien sisäisen kauneuden ja lisää niiden houkuttelevuutta ja arvoa. Tekniikoita, kuten lämpökäsittelyä, kemiallisia reaktioita ja fysikaalisia muutoksia, käytetään värin, kirkkauden ja kestävyyden parantamiseksi. Tutustu perinteisiin ja nykyaikaisiin menetelmiin, jotka paljastavat rubiinien, safiirien, smaragdien ja muiden kivien kätketyn loiston. Olitpa sitten koruharrastaja, suunnittelija tai jälleenmyyjä, tämä tiivistelmä tarjoaa tietoa parannettujen jalokivien maailmasta.

Lue lisää "

Kuinka hallita perus ja edistyneet solmimistekniikat korujen tekemistä varten?

Heman - Korutuotteiden asiantuntija 2 huhtikuun, 2025

Opi tekemään perinteisiä kiinalaisia solmuja! Tässä oppaassa opetetaan perus- ja hienoja solmuja, kuten nappisolmuja, neliösolmuja ja käärmesolmuja. Se sopii täydellisesti koruliikkeille, suunnittelijoille ja verkkokauppiaille, jotka haluavat lisätä kappaleisiinsa ainutlaatuisia, kulttuurisia yksityiskohtia. Helposti seurattavat vaiheet auttavat sinua luomaan kauniita koristeita kaulakoruihin, rannekoruihin ja muuhun.

Lue lisää "

Miten suunnitella ja DIY hämmästyttävä koruja sarjaa: A Step-by-Step Guide?

Heman - Korutuotteiden asiantuntija 7 huhtikuun, 2025

Tässä oppaassa opetetaan tekemään sarjakoruja. Se kattaa suunnittelun perusteet, kuten muodot, värit ja materiaalit. Opit tekemään korvakoruja, kaulakoruja ja rannekoruja käyttäen helmiä, helmiä ja nahkanauhoja. Sopii erinomaisesti koruliikkeille, suunnittelijoille ja verkkokauppiaille.

Lue lisää "

Kuva 3-5 Munsellin värijärjestelmän kaavio

Miksi jalokivillä on useita värejä? Värien muodostumisen salaisuudet ja mittausmenetelmät

Heman - Korutuotteiden asiantuntija 8 marraskuun, 2024

Jalokivet saavat värinsä mineraaleista, valosta ja virheistä. Opi valitsemaan parhaat kivet koruihisi. Ymmärrä värejä, valon vaikutuksia ja käsittelyjä, jotta jalokivistäsi tulisi näyttäviä. Koruntekijöille, suunnittelijoille ja niille, jotka rakastavat kimaltelevia asioita.

Lue lisää "

Figure 1-5 Diamonds in Various Crystal Forms

How Much Do You Know About Diamond’s Properties?

Heman - Korutuotteiden asiantuntija 19 marraskuun, 2025

Diamond, pure carbon, hardest natural gem, symbolizes eternal love. Types I (contains nitrogen) and II (nitrogen-free). Famous for brilliance, fire, and excellent thermal conductivity. Colorless to yellow most common; fancy colors are rare. Popular cuts: Round Brilliant and fancy shapes. Ideal for jewelry design and sales.

Lue lisää "

How to Design the Perfect Jewelry Store Display and Space?

Heman - Korutuotteiden asiantuntija 10 huhtikuun, 2025

This guide covers key aspects of jewelry store design and display. It includes tips on exterior looks, entrances, lighting, and window displays. Learn how to arrange store layouts, choose materials, and create safe displays. Perfect for jewelry stores, brands, designers, and online sellers.

Lue lisää "

Korut tehdas, korut räätälöinti, Moissanite korut tehdas, messinki kupari korut, puolijalokivet korut, synteettiset jalokivet korut, makeanveden helmi korut, Sterling Silver CZ korut, puolijalokivet räätälöinti, synteettiset jalokivet korut

ESITTELEMÄTTÖMÄT TUOTTEET

tuoteryhmä

materiaaliluokka

Miten tehdä koruja viimeistelyprosessi?

Miten tehdä koruja viimeistelyprosessi?

Mastering Korut viimeistely: tekniikat ja laitteet opas

Sisällysluettelo

JAKSO I Eri korutyyppien muovausprosessit

1. Ketjukorujen muovausprosessi

1.1 Muotoilu

Toimintaprosessin pääkohdat:

1.2 Ruisku

Toimintaprosessin pääkohdat:

1.3 Yhdistä ja kokoa ketju

Toimintaprosessin pääkohdat:

1.4 Hitsauksen muotoilu

Toimintaprosessin pääkohdat:

1.5 Kielilukkojen manuaalinen käsittely

Toimintaprosessin pääkohdat:

1.6 Lukon säätö

Toimintaprosessin pääkohdat:

1.7 Alumiini Veden kiehuminen

Toimintaprosessin pääkohdat:

1.8 Ketjun hionta

Toimintaprosessin pääkohdat:

1.9 Hionta

Toimintaprosessin pääkohdat:

2. Korujen viimeistelyprosessi rannerengas

2.1 Ruiskun viilaaminen (ketjutyyppisten korujen muovausmenetelmä)

2.2 Osien kokoaminen

Toimintaprosessin pääkohdat:

2.3 Käsintehty kielilukko Making (sama ketju korut Mold Craft menetelmä)

2.4 Hitsaus

Toimintaprosessin pääkohdat:

2.5 Muotoilu

Toimintaprosessin pääkohdat:

2.6 Lukon säätö (sama kuin ketjukorujen käsityömenetelmä, kuva 4-13).

2.7 Alunaveden keittäminen (sama kuin Chain Jewelry Craft -menetelmä).

2.8 Rannerenkaiden hionta

Toimintaprosessin pääkohdat:

2.9 Hionta (sama kuin ketjun korut muotin käsittelymenetelmä)

3. Sormuksen korujen viimeistelyprosessi

3.1 Muotoilu

Toimintaprosessin pääkohdat:

3.2 Tiedosto Sprue

Toimintaprosessin pääkohdat:

3.3 Kaiverrus

Toimintaprosessin pääkohdat:

3.4 Upotetut lisävarusteet

Toimintaprosessin pääkohdat:

3.5 Rengashionta

Toimintaprosessin pääkohdat:

3.6 Alumiinin keittäminen vedessä (sama menetelmä ketjutyyppisten korujen viimeistelyyn, kuva 4-21).

3.7 Sanding

Toimintaprosessin pääkohdat:

3.8 Hairbrush polishing

Toimintaprosessin pääkohdat:

4. Brooch (Shirt Pin)

4.1 Shaping (same as the jewelry finishing process for chain-type jewelry)

4.2 Filing the sprue (same as the jewelry finishing process for chain-type jewelry)

4.3 Inlayed accessories (same as the jewelry finishing process for rings)

4.4 Welding pins parts

Toimintaprosessin pääkohdat:

4.5 Adjustment

Toimintaprosessin pääkohdat:

4.6 Boiling alum water (same method for chain-type jewelry molding)

4.7 Grinding the brooch (same method for chain-type jewelry molding)

4.8 Sanding (same method for chain-type jewelry molding)

4.9 Walnut powder polishing (see "Polishing Process" section)

5. Earrings and Pendants

Toimintaprosessin pääkohdat:

5.1 Welding ear pins

5.2 Welding the teardrop bail

SECTION II Mechanical Polishing Technology

1. Advantages of Mechanical Polishing

2. Common types of polishing machines used in jewelry making.

2.1 Vibratory Polisher

2.2 Magnetic polishing machine

2.3 Drum Polisher

2.4 Dipping polishing machine